After watching a Horizon program in March 2010, Is everything we know about the universe wrong?, where Dr Sasha Kashlinsky introduces us to the phenomenon of “dark flow” I very soon linked it to a theory that I was developing about a universe that has a fractal topology. Dr Kashlinsky et al had extrapolated images from what I thought could be the most distant part of our visible universe that will ever become visible to us. The gravitational lensing effect of distant galaxy clusters have revealed images of very distant galaxies that appear to be moving away from us towards the CMB (cosmic microwave background) and then disappearing beyond our visible horizon. They suggest that the motion may be the remnant of the influence of no longer visible regions of the universe prior to inflation.Cosmologists believe that nothing should have a preferred motion in relation to the CMB.
Cosmologists also think that there is a problem with this horizon, the night sky is relatively uninformed at a large scale no matter where you look and so we say that the universe is isotropic. Although it has evolved since the past it also seems to actually be the same everywhere now on a large scale and we call this homogeneous. In fact the temperature of the CMB is the same in all direction to 1/1000th of a degree. The problem is the light (in the microwave spectrum) from the CMB has travelled for 13 billion years before it reaches us and if we turn around 1800,we are receiving light from that direction that has travelled for 13 billion years, and cosmologists say that the two areas must have been in contact with each other to be able to have the same temperature today. This cannot be so because we exist between them now, and always have. When we look into the past through our telescopes it is not the past of our area of space, we cannot bask in light from our past light cone. The fact that the universe is expanding may reveal that everything has emerged from a point, it is not the same point for everywhere, everywhere has its own point of origin and the origin was an infinite event.
Think of it this way, if we had a time machine that was able to take us back in time without moving from our position in space. We would see the planets form in reverse order and the sun go out. We would see smaller satellite galaxies drift out of our milky way. We would see all the stars of our galaxy go out one by one and after a period of darkness we would become part of the glowing mas that emitted light that would become the CMB. It is obvious the light we emit then will never come back to us in the future, the CMB light that we see today was from an area that was a long way away even back then for it has taken 13.7 billion years to get to us in the present time.
The CMB radiation is the light from an event that occurred shortly after the “big bang” (380,000 years is short in cosmological terms). The event was infinite and happened everywhere in our universe. It was only after this event that space became transparent but even then the visible horizon would have been very bright radiating a tremendous heat for millions of years and it is only the expansion of the universe over the past 13.7 billion years and the apparent red shift that has cooled this “glow” to the microwave part of the spectrum and invisible to our eyes.
The furthest thing on our visible horizon will always be the CMB and has always been so. The oldest light will always come from the youngest part of the universe visible in the same way the oldest photograph you have of yourself will be you at your youngest. The furthest distance we can detect light from is the first light that was radiated through the first transparent space and that is now the CMB and that distance is the speed of light times the elapsed time since our big bang moment 13.7 billion years ago. This means that the distance between us and the CMB is expanding at the speed of light. However this does not mean that the CMB is moving away from us at the speed of light because the growing distance between each galaxy cluster has a cumulative effect giving the most distant objects visible a recessional velocity that is now faster than that of light speed.
If a galaxy is so far away that it has a recessional velocity faster than light we do not consider it to be actually moving through space at that speed, it could be stationary relative to the “space” it resides in. If a galaxy were to travel faster than the speed of light it would disappear but a galaxy with an apparent recessional velocity greater than the speed of light will not suddenly disappear, but it will eventually.
As the expansion of the universe cause the most distant visible things to outrun the speed of light the most distant visible objects will disappear and we will see fewer and fewer galaxies in the future. In the distant future it is estimated that only our local galaxy cluster will remain visible. The CMB is still detectable now and will remain so even though objects are disappearing.
Ole Romer first demonstrated that light travelled at a finite speed by observing the movement of Io a moon that orbits Jupiter. The Earth orbits the Sun faster than that of Jupiter and as our orbit takes us towards Jupiter, Io appears to orbit Jupiter faster and as our orbit takes us away from Jupiter, Io appears to slow down. Either Io gets excited and moves faster as Earth approaches or else it is an effect of light traveling at a finite speed. This gives us a clue as to what we shall see near the edge of our visible horizon.
As Io’s orbit appeared to slow down as it moved away things in very distant galaxies will also appear to slow down as the recessional velocity increases (that is velocity caused by the stretching of space not a real velocity through space). When we look at distant objects that have a recessional velocity equal to the speed of light they will appear to have no movement. If this was real A to B velocity we would see no further but this is recessional velocity and more distant objects and the CMB are still visible. So from the point where things appear stationary in time back to the CMB any movements or events will appear in reverse order like a film being played backwards. The event that caused the flash of light that we see as the CMB was infinite and was being emitted from everything in our universe at that time. Every star and galaxy formed after that event and so the most distant objects with a greater than light speed recessional velocity will appear to play out their existence in reverse order and morph into the CMB coming part of it and the oldest light from the youngest visible epoch.
It may seem incomprehensible that we can see things moving away from us faster than the speed of light but we can because they are not travelling through space but rather with their own local space, we can hear a similar effect happen with sound waves here on earth; if you are in the line of fire from high velocity bullets and shells, you can hear them going through the air even though they are travelling faster than sound. You (hopefully) hear the sonic crack or boom as they pass overhead and then you hear them coming through the air. Although they were only in the air for less than a second in most cases you can hear them travelling for several seconds. You can hear the bullet travel through the air even when you know it has just lodged itself in the tree next to you. You see the hole appear in the tree and you hear the sonic crack, you then hear it whistle through the air and then the bang of the gun that fired it. If a tank five miles away fires a high velocity shell in your direction you will see the shell in the air for about one second but you will hear it travel through the air for about 24 seconds and the sound is reaching you in reverse order because it can only travel at the speed of sound and the shell travels a few times faster, It may not be technically the best analogy but it is the best one that I have experience of. So in the same way when very distant objects are moving away from us faster than the speed of light due to the stretching of space the light can only reach us at the speed of light and so the photons reach us in reverse order.
To understand this better, in a universe that was expanding at a constant unchanging rate since big bang the only place in time where things could be seen by an observer moving away from them at the speed of light would be the big bang event (I believe the universe to be infinite so the big bang event must have been infinite) and so nothing could be seen that would appear in reverse time order, but we now know that the universe is expanding at an ever increasing rate. This creates an interface between things that are receding slower than the speed of light and things that are receding super-luminary. This interface is the boundary of an area of space known as the Hubble volume and the interface the Hubble sphere.
So how do we see things that are beyond the Hubble sphere? If we think of a galaxy beyond the Hubble sphere with a relative recessional super luminary velocity and think about the photons that leave the galaxy at C in our direction. Initially they can be thought of as having a peculiar velocity in our direction that is negative relative to their eventual destination in our telescopes but positive towards the Hubble sphere(the Hubble sphere is also growing with the expansion and so has a recessional velocity away from us but towards the emitted photons). When these photons reach the Hubble sphere their negative peculiar velocity relative to us becomes stationary and then due to the commoving distance between the Hubble sphere and our telescopes, the photons start to have a positive peculiar velocity relative to our telescopes and eventually reach our telescopes at velocity C. At no time do these photons have a velocity greater or lower than C in any frame of reference and so does not contradict the predictions of relativity.
Ever since the discovery that light had a velocity we have known that the further the distance to an object the further the distance back in time we are looking. When we view the universe past the Hubble sphere we are viewing events in reverse time order. As we view ever deeper into the universe past the Hubble sphere towards the CMB the greater the reverse time order effect we be, so if in the past things moved apart then we may well see them move back together only with greater exaggeration like a film being played in fast rewind depending on the distance from the Hubble sphere. In the future with large telescopes in space dedicated to viewing in the infra-red and microwave spectrums not only may we gain better insight as how the universe evolved we may even be able to see it evolve as we play our recorded images, images that although recorded in time order will reveal the past in reverse time order.
The universe is expanding faster than the speed of light. In the future we will see less of the universe as the expansion is outrunning the speed of light. The number of galaxies that are visible to us in our universe is already getting less and less, we just have not had the power in our telescopes to see they phenomenon yet. The galaxies in the universe are not actually disappearing they are only disappearing from our view. They will be disappearing from view at the visible horizon and that is the cosmic microwave background. I think the best way to describe the radiation era (the end of which formed the CMB) as an infinite star with no boundary. As the universe expands this infinite star fractionalises into infinitely many smaller areas of nascent mass (but still very large areas) and these primordial clouds drift apart as the universe expands with time. Because what we see this far away from our present moment in time and frame of reference these events will be “playing out” in reverse time order and so these large galaxy like areas of nascent mass will be moving towards one and other and morphing into and becoming the cosmic background radiation giving the appearance of a great peculiar velocity towards the CMB.
Cosmologist regard the cosmic microwave background as the ultimate cosmic reference frame as it depicts a moment in time when the universe first started to become transparent enough for light to travel through and everything in the universe now is the same distance in every direction from this CMB. Although it depicts the same moment in time it depicts a different place moment by moment as it appears to be formed by primordial glowing gas clouds as we see them morph back in time to the moment the universe lost its opacity.
We are not able to see these events directly yet, and even in the future it will be technically very challenging detecting light at Submillimeter and longer up to 2mm wavelengths with a lot of the light being absorbed by early dust particles and distortion by gravitational lensing. However gravitational lensing has revealed galaxies (or the hot glowing gas clouds that pre dates them) in the Submillimeter wavelength behind the bullet cluster (1E 0657-56) and after studying them over a number of years they have noticed a strange peculiar motion in these objects towards the CMB. By thinking that the CMB is stationary in both time and position cosmologist expect to see no motion in any preferred direction in relation to the CMB. This phenomenon has become known as dark flow. It comes as no surprise to me that they have found the same phenomena behind many more bullet galaxy clusters as the observations depict my predictions. I think my reverse time order observation hypothesis is a more realistic idea than a supposed “other” universe tugging at the edge of our visible universe.
So how will it appear to us through the telescopes of the future? It will be like looking through the back window of a car as you drive along a straight road with everything moving towards the middle of the window into the distance except we will see primordial galaxies move from the peripheral vision of the telescope to a small circular area near the middle of the telescope and then morph into and become the CMB. And here is an even stranger prediction if we see one appear on the left of our field of vision in the telescope it will be moving to the right towards the centre, but then if we move the telescope to the left so as the same star appears on the right of our field of vision it will start moving to the left towards the middle. We will be able to see the same things happening no matter what direction we point our telescope.
These glowing clouds are, I believe, formed of just hydrogen, for I have reason to believe that the first element to form in the big bang would be the hydrogen isotope deuterium sometimes called heavy hydrogen as its nucleus has one proton and one neutron. I also believe that at the time these clouds formed gravity would be homogenously far weaker than we find today and so no stars will form and the clouds will gradualy cool. this is the dawning of the cosmological dark ages. Gravity and nuclear genesis will be part of future articles and would detract from this one if I were to explain further now.
on the whole, the order of events would be; infinite cloud of glowing hot but not fusing deuterium, this breaks up into infinitley many very large glowing clouds. These cool down and eventualy start to collapse in from the centre into super-massive black holes forming the quasares, and then eventualy galaxies.
A recent article appeared indicating that two clouds had been detected two billion years after big bang. They were detected when light from a quazar passing through the clouds, revealed that it had passed through high levels of hydrogen in particular deuterium.
This would put the primordial clouds in front of the quasar and so in the wrong order. These clouds are at the end of the dark ages being lit by the first quazars. However not all the clouds of primordial mass would have been the same size and so the larger clouds would have had their centres collapse into super-massive black holes to create the first quasars, So the first quasarse would be able to shine through their smaller late developers before they form quasars, if indeed they ever do. These would be the clouds that we are now detecting with this light from those early quasarse.
You may be wondering how these movements have not been predicted by scientists, they are just positions in space that due to commoving distances directly caused by the apparent recessional velocity and not due to any relativistic effects so, what is it that has not been accounted for? The problem is with relativity. It is not that relativity is wrong it is just a bit incomplete.
We are taught in physics that if Bob is moving at velocity X relative to Alice both are perfectly entitled to claim that one is stationary and that it is the other that is moving, neither viewpoint is wrong as there is no absolute space to measure motion against. This means that space will not give us an absolute frame for a state where mater is at rest. Space does however give us a state of absolute motion in that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, if there were no space to travel through relativistic effects like time dilation and things with mass getting more relativistic mass as they approach the speed of light could not be defined for if there is no space everything is stationary. Take 
for instance the above example of Bob and Alice.where Bob and Alice are the famed twins in the twins' paradox. Bob has a very efficient high speed interstellar rocket. His twin sister Alice waves goodbye as Bob blasts off to explor the galaxy. When Bob is travelling at a constant speed he is stationary in his own frame of rference, also during that period of constant speed while it may appear to twin Alice that Bob is moving away at a velocity close to the speed of light, to twin Bob, Alice is also moving away at this same speed, so therefor the only difference between the two experiences will be the period of acceleration and decelaration. Why is it then that while their speeds relative to each other are the same, does one twin age more than the other?.
To resolve the conundrum that space inevitably gives us we have to look at all the relativistic effects and determine what underlying truth is pervading our universe. One relativistic effect that I would like to consider is the Lorentz Fitzgerald length contraction. Length contraction is a physical phenomenon of a decrease in length detected by an observer of an object that travels at a velocity relative to that observer. This contraction is only seen in the direction of travel and parallel relative to the observer.
Let us call the travelling object Bob and the observer Alice. Alice would see Bob a little thinner as he passed (unless he was lying down and then she would see him a little shorter) but Bob would see no difference to himself in his travelling frame of reference. Time for Bob would run slower relative to Alice, and Bob would have gained some relativistic mass. Time for Bob although relatively slower than for Alice would not seem any different to him, his watch would tick away as normal. Because time and relativistic mass are real things that are affecting Bob as he travels would it not be plausible that dimensional contraction seen by Alice is actually affecting Bob but in his travelling frame of reference experiences the contraction in all three spatial dimensions and so will not notice this shrinking with constrained dimensionality.
According to relativity distances for Bob in his direction of travel would be shorter. If Bob was travelling towards a distant star Bob would see that star with a slight blue shift compared to how Alice would see the same star. If we think about the light from that distant star reaching Bob and Alice at the same moment in time,
when both Bob and Alice are parallel, and imagin that there are the same number of light waves in that light to both Alice and Bob,the shorter distance to the star for Bob would mean that the wavelength would be shorter and so blue shifted.
If we now think of the same analogy for a distant star (b) in the opposit direction to Bob's travelwhen Alice and Bob are both parallel we know that there are the same number of light waves in that light to both Alive and Bob, at first I thought that the shorter distance to the star for Bob would mean that the light waves would all become shorter making that lights wavelength shorter with a blue shift, but the relativistic distance change is future time distances and the blue shifted light is a past time relic The above diagram just showes the normal Doppler effect of Bob travelling through space.
The relativistic multi-dimensional shrincage (as opposed to just length contraction) actualy does shortenfuture time distances due to time dilation and also lengthens past time distances. This effect makes all light recieved by Bob as red shifted to some degree as all recieved light is a past time relic. But all light reflected or emitted by Bob will be blue shifted as this light is in Bob's future light time cone.
Now if we think about how Alice and Bob veiw of one and other, Alice would see Bob smaller as he zooms past because he is smaller, but now Bob sees Alice smaller not because she is smaller, but because she is further away and rd shifted.
We now have a real difference between stationary Alice and moving Bob. Alice is a further distance away to Bob than Bob is to Alice. Distances are peculiar to to the observer. It is not just the distance that Bob sees Alice that has lengthend it is all past space-time distances. As Bob reaches high velocities will expand for him greater than it does for Alice.
Past and future distances are things that are peculiar to the observer. The universe is spatially three dimensional but it also has three temporal dimensions. The union between space and time needs no fourth dimension but to clarify this other facets of a larger theory will have to be told. The whole expansion of space is peculiar to the observer and the observers’ relationship with the surroundings. When we plot the expansion of the universe in km s-1Mpc-1 (an increase in velocity over a great distance) currently calculated at about 71 km-1 Mpc-1 , we call this the Hubble constant Ho. This means that anything about a million light-years away will be moving away from us at about 13 miles per second and anything 2 millionly’s away about 26 miles per second and 106 ly’s 130 miles s-1etc. We also know the rate of expansion is increasing but I think this rate will be the same everywhere in the universe at any one time, so if the Ho increases to 75 km s-1 Mpc-1 then it will still be a constant, as if the future increase in expansion rate is effecting the past expansion rate. This explains why the red shift of the CMB is so high at 1100 whilst the most distant galaxy so far detected is around 10. This type of expansion (peculiar to the observer) soon goes exponential exaggerated by the reverse time order effect adding to the apparent movement.
There are other things that affect these ideas that are the product of the larger theory where because of the fractal topology of space; time is slowing down, our gravity is slowly increasing in strength and a faster rate of time in the past helps explain inflation in the early universe.
Inflation is the hypothesis that the early universe grew exponentially driven by vacuum energy pressure expanding many times faster than light. Although I think I understand what the theorists are saying I really cannot bring any belief to their reasoning, but in my theory where time in the early universe run at a faster rate than it does in our frame of reference now it gives a retrospective view of something happening much faster than it actually happened at the time.
Let us now recapitulate what it is that I believe that we are seeing but in event order. Imagine the first of the three rectangular images as a snapshot of the universe, an image 
like an MRI scan, a slice if you like, just prior to the end of the radiation era. It is infinite in every direction and in almost perfect thermal equilibrium. In this timeframe, frame of reference; gravity is almost non-existent and time in comparison to today is at a much faster rate. Soon the expansion will cause the universe to fractionalise into infinitely many fragments each about the size of a small galaxy (an 
educated guess based on luminosity of the objects seen in the dark flow phenomenon and the fact that future galaxies increase in size with mergers).
This next rectangle is the moment in time just after fractionalising, the moment of first scattering. Everywhere in the universe is the same with the background radiation at an almost indistinguishable brightness to that of 
the hot gas of the primordial galaxies. Gravity is still very week, barely strong enough to hold the hot gas together and as the universe slowly expands they drift apart. The very hot background radiation is rushing away at the speed of light because from the moment the universe fractionalised, it became part of the past. It is the event that appears to be moving not the material and leaving hot gas clouds behind in the wake.
Before stars can form in these primordial galaxies gravity will have to become stronger. These clouds may well be just plasma balls still in the combining process where ions and electrons are combining for the first time. The cooling process will be slow as the background radiation will still be very hot. This will mean the universe; still a very uniform place thermally and visually, will slowly cool over the next two billion years. This is the start of what has become known as the dark ages in cosmology.
The slow increase in gravity eventually makes these, now large balls of cold mass to become unstable and they start to collapse from the centre, forming the first and super-massive black holes. This produces the slowing of time and a further increase in gravity in the remaining cloud initialising the first real fusing stars.
That is what is visible, the visible part of the early universe that we see as we pear with ever more clarity into the past with our ever sensitive optical and radio equipment. A past that is playing itself out to us in reverse time order, a reverse time order that appears to be speeding up. We have a beginning with the big bang singularity; we also have what appears to be a place where time stands still; black holes, black holes at the end of time. Can time be finite?
The question of whether time could be finite bothered me quite a bit, for if the universe is truly infinite how then could we divide it by a time that is finite? We cannot divide or multiply that which is uncountable; infinite. We can however fractionalise something infinite with something that is also infinite. What Minkowski said about space was this;
“Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality”.
If the temporal dimensionality of time is fractionalising the spatial dimensionality of space we have a fractionally differentiable fractal topology of space-time that is cyclical with self-reflexivity. A bit of a recondite thought I know; but let us think of it like this; monodimensional in a toy theory way. Think of time; that is all of time; as an infinite distance, with reality at the interface of distance past and distance future, as we travel through time we create a past distance. These past distances are infinite from the T=0 moment where infinitely many particles are there to create this past distance as they travel towards the future. Future distances are also infinite and remain unseen as a future imaginary distance (∞i). As we travel we create a past that will remain visible to the future, through this infinite distance we accelerate (relatively accelerating past distances) increasing our relativistic mass (gravity increases) slowing down time, shortening future distances we reach the ultimate speed (C) where time stands still where future distances are 0 and all past distances are infinite T=0 the accelerating past has caught up with the future ending our universe at the one and only singularity; cyclical; it starts again! Reality is at the interface of all three dimensions.
If we were to think of the whole of time as a road an infinite one way road the universal time line. As we travel this road we create the past behind us. We march with the rest of the universe each moment the same moment everywhere at the same time. We do not visually experience this instantaneity as light travels at a finite speed and we do not always experience this time the same as it can slow down with increased speed or gravity giving an apparent non-simultaneity of spontaneity. If time for us slows down we just travel the road faster and keep pace with the rest of the universe. To experience time we have to travel the road and to travel the road time will slow down ad infinitum stop and then start all over again.
